Vitreoretinal microsurgery makes it possible to surgically treat pathologies that affect the posterior part of the eye. In recent years, many advances have been achieved, both in the technology of the devices used and in the design of intraocular instruments, which have allowed the development of much safer and more effective surgery. This technique is commonly used to treat pathologies such as epiretinal membrane, macular hole, retinal detachments, and secondary complications of diabetic retinopathy, among others.